{"id":19476,"date":"2021-01-01T00:21:03","date_gmt":"2020-12-31T21:21:03","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/?p=19476"},"modified":"2023-02-04T11:25:15","modified_gmt":"2023-02-04T08:25:15","slug":"%d0%b7%d0%b0%d0%bf-%d0%b0%d0%bf-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%b2%d0%b4%d0%b8%d0%bd","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/?p=19476","title":{"rendered":"\u0417\u0410\u041f; \u0410\u041f (\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u043d)"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_5712\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5712\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5712\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-bt_MP.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-bt_MP.png 2452w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-bt_MP-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-bt_MP-1024x530.png 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-bt_MP-768x397.png 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-bt_MP-1536x794.png 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-bt_MP-2048x1059.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5712\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0417\u0410\u041f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0435. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0423\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u0418\u0436\u043e\u0440\u044b <strong><em>\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/em><\/strong> \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 27 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0442 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0418\u0436\u043e\u0440\u044b. \u0411\u044b\u043b \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u00ab\u0441 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u00bb \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043c \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c<sup>[1, <\/sup><sup>2]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412 1848 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u0437\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u043d \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c 650,000 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u043a \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u041f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0442\u0435<sup>[3]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412 1851 \u0433. \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0440\u0435\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e <em>\u0417.\u0410.\u041f.<\/em>, \u0432 1853 \u2013<em> \u0417.\u041f.<\/em><sup>[4]<\/sup>. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0445.<\/p>\n<p>\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430 1853 \u0433\u043e\u0434:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u0410\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0448\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 2; \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0439 5; \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e 2,000 \u043a\u0432. \u0441\u0430\u0436. \u041a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e \u0417.\u041f.<\/p>\n<p>1852 \u0433\u043e\u0434. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445: 90 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432\u00a0 \u0438 32 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u0412\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e 3,000,000 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u0442\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0430: \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e 19 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0430\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e 9 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439<\/p>\n<p>1853 \u0433\u043e\u0434. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445: 55 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438 25 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445. \u0412\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e 1,700,000 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0439. \u041e\u0442\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0430: \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e 19 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0430\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e 9 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0435\u0439<sup>[4]<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0443\u043c \u0434\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b 1860-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430\u043c 1873 \u0433., \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 <strong><em>\u0422\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u044b \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439<\/em><\/strong> \u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0436\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u00ab\u0441\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u043e\u00bb<sup>[5]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5717\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5717\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5717\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/kzp-34-r_izh_51.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"1015\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/kzp-34-r_izh_51.jpg 233w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/kzp-34-r_izh_51-177x300.jpg 177w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5717\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0435 1851 \u0433.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u041d\u0438\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0440\u044f\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9276\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9276\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9276\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/zap-232_Litv.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/zap-232_Litv.jpg 2380w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/zap-232_Litv-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/zap-232_Litv-1024x540.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/zap-232_Litv-768x405.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/zap-232_Litv-1536x811.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/zap-232_Litv-2048x1081.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9276\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0430 \u0417.\u0410.\u041f. \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0410. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5723\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5723\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5723\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-kontr_Litv.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-kontr_Litv.png 2316w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-kontr_Litv-300x159.png 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-kontr_Litv-1024x541.png 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-kontr_Litv-768x406.png 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-kontr_Litv-1536x812.png 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-kontr_Litv-2048x1082.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5723\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0417\u0410\u041f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0435 \u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0432\u043a\u043e\u0439. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5769\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5769\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5769\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap100_art-1024x509.jpg\" alt=\"\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0417\u0410\u041f 100 (\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043b). \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430\" width=\"600\" height=\"298\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap100_art-1024x509.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap100_art-300x149.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap100_art-768x382.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap100_art.jpg 1058w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5769\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0417\u0410\u041f 100 (\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043b). \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9275\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9275\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9275\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/zap-30_kupl30.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/zap-30_kupl30.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/zap-30_kupl30-300x165.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/zap-30_kupl30-1024x562.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/zap-30_kupl30-768x422.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9275\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0417\u0410\u041f 30 (\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043f\u043b\u044e\u0441\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043b). \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e 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https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-nabiv_Mak-1536x751.png 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zap-nabiv_Mak-2048x1001.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5720\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0417.\u0410.\u041f. (\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0435). \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5721\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5721\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5721\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap-pravd_Litv.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap-pravd_Litv.png 2444w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap-pravd_Litv-300x156.png 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap-pravd_Litv-1024x531.png 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap-pravd_Litv-768x398.png 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap-pravd_Litv-1536x797.png 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap-pravd_Litv-2048x1063.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5721\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0410.\u041f. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5753\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5753\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5753\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap-korot_Kras2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap-korot_Kras2.jpg 2179w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap-korot_Kras2-300x155.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap-korot_Kras2-1024x528.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap-korot_Kras2-768x396.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap-korot_Kras2-1536x792.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap-korot_Kras2-2048x1056.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5753\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0410\u041f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0435. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_5754\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-5754\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-5754\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap_ram2_Kras2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap_ram2_Kras2.jpg 2262w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap_ram2_Kras2-300x155.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap_ram2_Kras2-1024x529.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap_ram2_Kras2-768x397.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap_ram2_Kras2-1536x793.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/ap_ram2_Kras2-2048x1057.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-5754\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0410\u041f \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0435 (\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442). \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9495\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9495\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9495\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/ap-br222_BM2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/ap-br222_BM2.jpg 838w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/ap-br222_BM2-300x159.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/ap-br222_BM2-768x407.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9495\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0410\u041f. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0411\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043b\u044e\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u041f\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0435 <em>\u0417\u0410\u041f<\/em> &#8212; 100.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1] <em>\u0412\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0432\u043e 2-\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435 \u0421\u041f\u0431. \u0443. \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0442 \u0421\u041f\u0431, 1849.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[2] <em>\u0426\u0413\u0418\u0410 \u0421\u041f\u0431. \u0424. 1163. \u041e\u043f. 1. \u0414. 1030.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[3] <em>\u0420\u0413\u0410 \u0412\u041c\u0424. \u0424. 84. \u041e\u043f. 1-2. \u0414. 3612.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[4] <em>\u0420\u0413\u0418\u0410. \u0424. 218. \u041e\u043f. 1. \u0414. 267.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[5] <em>\u0426\u0413\u0418\u0410 \u0421\u041f\u0431. \u0424. 224. \u041e\u043f. 1. \u0414. 261.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b: \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d, \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u21161.<\/strong><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u041e\u0442 2-\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u0421.-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421.-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043e\u0442 11 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u211612275, \u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430, 5 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1864 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436\u0443 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0423\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u0418\u0436\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u044f \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0448\u0442\u0443\u043a, \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432 640 \u0440\u0443\u0431. \u0441\u0435\u0440., \u043d\u0430 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\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e 1864 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a:<\/strong> <em>\u041e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0413\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0412\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u211648 1864 \u0433. &#8212; \u0421. 544.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[31,38,24],"tags":[1127],"class_list":["post-19476","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-31","category-38","category-24","tag-1127"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19476","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=19476"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19476\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":22860,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19476\/revisions\/22860"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=19476"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=19476"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=19476"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}