{"id":18727,"date":"2021-01-01T00:28:43","date_gmt":"2020-12-31T21:28:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/?p=18727"},"modified":"2024-02-04T09:56:07","modified_gmt":"2024-02-04T06:56:07","slug":"%d0%b0%d0%b4-%d0%b7%d0%b0%d0%b4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/?p=18727","title":{"rendered":"\u0410\u0414; \u0417\u0410\u0414"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_18725\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-18725\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-18725\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ad_makar-1024x522.jpg\" alt=\"\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0410\u0414 14. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\" width=\"600\" height=\"306\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ad_makar-1024x522.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ad_makar-300x153.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ad_makar-768x392.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ad_makar-1536x783.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ad_makar-2048x1044.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/ad_makar-555x283.jpg 555w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-18725\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0410\u0414 14. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>\u041d\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0440\u044f <em><strong>\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u044f \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/strong><\/em>, \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u0441 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 <a href=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/?p=17674\">\u041f. \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u041b. \u0416\u043e\u0444\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043e<\/a>, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0418\u0436\u043e\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u044f \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u041c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0438\u0448\u044c \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 1860 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0438 <em>\u0414\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/em> (\u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432).<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>2) \u0418\u0437\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043d\u044b\u0435:<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0438 \u2013 \u0433. \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0430, \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435-\u0442\u043e \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c). \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u0442.\u043a. \u0432 <a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u0433\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0435 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445<\/a> \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0442.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23560\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23560\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23560\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/2024-02-01_13-59-25.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/2024-02-01_13-59-25.png 873w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/2024-02-01_13-59-25-300x159.png 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/2024-02-01_13-59-25-768x406.png 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/2024-02-01_13-59-25-555x294.png 555w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23560\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0410\u0414 9. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0417\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0434, \u0445\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0439 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11583\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11583\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11583\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/zad_19_jht_Mak.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/zad_19_jht_Mak.jpg 2460w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/zad_19_jht_Mak-300x146.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/zad_19_jht_Mak-1024x500.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/zad_19_jht_Mak-768x375.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/zad_19_jht_Mak-1536x749.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/zad_19_jht_Mak-2048x999.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11583\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0417\u0410\u0414 19. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11586\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11586\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11586\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/zad_12_Litv.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/zad_12_Litv.jpg 758w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/zad_12_Litv-300x154.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11586\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0417\u0410\u0414. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u041f\u043e \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0446\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0432 1862 \u0433. \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430-\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043b \u043a \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f\u043c \u0417\u0430\u0445\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c<sup>[2]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c 1873 \u0433., \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0414\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0418\u0436\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u00ab\u043f\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0441\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u00bb<sup>[3]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0435 <em>\u0417\u0410\u0414<\/em> &#8212; 89; <em>\u0410\u0414<\/em> \u2013 31.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1] <em>\u0412\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0418\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0412\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u042d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u041e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 1860 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u2013 \u0421\u041f\u0431., 1860. \u2013 \u0421. 26.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[2] <em>\u0421\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0446\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0422.\u0424. \u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u0440. \u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435 \u0438 \u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0445. \u2013 \u0421\u041f\u0431.: \u0418\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e A.\u042d. \u0412\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043a\u0435, 1904. \u2013 \u0421. 21.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[3] <em>\u0426\u0413\u0418\u0410 \u0421\u041f\u0431. \u0424. 224. \u041e\u043f. 1. \u0414. 261.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: 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