{"id":18181,"date":"2021-01-01T00:12:55","date_gmt":"2020-12-31T21:12:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/?p=18181"},"modified":"2023-10-16T09:40:51","modified_gmt":"2023-10-16T06:40:51","slug":"%d1%81-%d0%bc-%d0%b7-%d1%81-%d0%bc-%d0%ba%d1%81%d0%bc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/?p=18181","title":{"rendered":"\u0421.\u041c.; \u0417.\u0421.\u041c.; \u041a\u0421\u041c"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_321\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-321\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-321\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/1sm_kir-1024x547.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"321\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/1sm_kir-1024x547.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/1sm_kir-300x160.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/1sm_kir-768x411.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/1sm_kir-1536x821.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/1sm_kir-2048x1095.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-321\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0411\u0435\u0437\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043a. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430 <strong><em>\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0432\u044b \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/em><\/strong> (17.12.1780 \u2013 03.05.1864) \u0432 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u0422\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430 (\u0423\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u0422\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e, \u0422\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e).<\/p>\n<p>\u0420\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043e\u043d \u043e\u0442 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0441 \u0434\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439 \u0415\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041d\u0435\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 (\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u041d\u0435\u043b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430) \u0432 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u041f\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0435.<\/p>\n<p>\u0421\u0430\u0432\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u2013 \u043f\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0438\u043a, \u0430\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b. \u0412 1809 \u0433. \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u0443, \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433. \u0418\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0422\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b \u0443 \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0437\u044f \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0413\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044b\u043d\u0430<sup>[1]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10018\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10018\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10018\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/sm-1024x542.jpg\" alt=\"\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0421.\u041c. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u041e\u0441\u0438\u043f\u0447\u0443\u043a\u0430\" width=\"600\" height=\"317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/sm-1024x542.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/sm-300x159.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/sm-768x406.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/sm-1536x813.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/sm-2048x1084.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10018\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0421.\u041c. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u041e\u0441\u0438\u043f\u0447\u0443\u043a\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_588\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-588\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-588\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zsm_zuk-1024x544.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"319\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zsm_zuk-1024x544.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zsm_zuk-300x159.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zsm_zuk-768x408.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zsm_zuk-1536x817.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/zsm_zuk-2048x1089.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-588\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0417\u0421\u041c. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u044f \u0416\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_2461\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2461\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2461\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/rsm_krasil-1024x584.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/rsm_krasil-1024x584.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/rsm_krasil-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/rsm_krasil-768x438.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/rsm_krasil.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-2461\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u041a.\u0421.\u041c. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21635\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21635\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21635\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/rcv_petro-1024x518.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"303\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/rcv_petro-1024x518.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/rcv_petro-300x152.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/rcv_petro-768x388.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/rcv_petro-555x281.jpg 555w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/rcv_petro.jpg 1270w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21635\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u041a\u0421\u041c 70. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_322\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-322\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-322\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/2sm_rir-1024x546.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/2sm_rir-1024x546.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/2sm_rir-300x160.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/2sm_rir-768x410.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/2sm_rir-1536x819.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/2sm_rir-2048x1093.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-322\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0421.\u041c. 45. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u0432 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u0432\u0432\u044b \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u00ab\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438\u00bb 1838 \u0433.<sup>[2]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_324\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-324\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-324\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/4sm_kirp-1024x550.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/4sm_kirp-1024x550.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/4sm_kirp-300x161.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/4sm_kirp-768x412.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/4sm_kirp-1536x825.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/4sm_kirp-2048x1100.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-324\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0421\u041c 75. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10259\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10259\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-10259\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/s.m._ura-1024x501.jpg\" alt=\"\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0421.\u041c. 3. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u042e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0443\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430\" width=\"600\" height=\"293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/s.m._ura-1024x501.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/s.m._ura-300x147.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/s.m._ura-768x375.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/s.m._ura.jpg 1260w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10259\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0421.\u041c. 3. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u042e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u041a\u0443\u0437\u044c\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21678\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21678\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-21678\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sm_petrov-976x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"629\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sm_petrov-976x1024.jpg 976w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sm_petrov-286x300.jpg 286w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sm_petrov-768x805.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sm_petrov-1465x1536.jpg 1465w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sm_petrov-529x555.jpg 529w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sm_petrov.jpg 1641w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21678\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0438 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0421\u041c (\u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437). \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_323\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-323\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-323\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/3sm_kirp-1024x570.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"334\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/3sm_kirp-1024x570.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/3sm_kirp-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/3sm_kirp-768x427.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/3sm_kirp-1536x854.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/3sm_kirp-2048x1139.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-323\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0421\u041c 16. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u044f \u0416\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_9320\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-9320\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-9320\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/sm_krasil-1024x630.jpg\" alt=\"\u0411\u0440\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0430 \u0421\u041c 66. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\" width=\"600\" height=\"369\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/sm_krasil-1024x630.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/sm_krasil-300x185.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/sm_krasil-768x473.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/sm_krasil.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-9320\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0411\u0440\u0430\u043a \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0430 \u0421\u041c 66. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23375\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23375\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23375\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/2023-10-16_09-38-26.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"297\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/2023-10-16_09-38-26.png 799w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/2023-10-16_09-38-26-300x149.png 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/2023-10-16_09-38-26-768x381.png 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/2023-10-16_09-38-26-555x275.png 555w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23375\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0421\u041c 0 (\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0448\u043a\u0430). \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c\u0438 \u0422\u0438\u0445\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443 1853 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u041e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u0432\u0432\u044b \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430. 2 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0435 \u0422\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435. \u041a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e \u0421.\u041c.<\/p>\n<p>\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435: \u0448\u0430\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 &#8212; 3; \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0439 &#8212; 8; \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430 2,000 \u043a\u0432. \u0441\u0430\u0436.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412 1852 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445: 90 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0438 23 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445; \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e 2,500,000 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0439. \u0426\u0435\u043d\u044b: 13 \u0440\u0443\u0431. \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0430\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412 1853 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445: 90 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0446\u0430 \u0438 23 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445; \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e 2,500,000 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0439. \u0426\u0435\u043d\u044b: 12 \u0440\u0443\u0431. 75 \u043a\u043e\u043f. \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0430\u043b\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435: \u043e\u0431\u0436\u0438\u0433 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0441\u044b \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b, \u0432\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0412\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0446\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439.<sup>[3]<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0417\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 (\u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b) \u0421. \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0438 \u0432 1854 \u0433.:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u0417\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0422\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0418\u0436\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c, \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0433\u043b\u0438\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0436\u0438\u0433\u043e\u043c.<sup>[4]<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0412 1856 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0421\u0430\u0432\u0432\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043b \u0441\u044b\u043d\u0443 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u044e \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u043c \u0438\u043c\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c<sup>[5]<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412 1859 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u041d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0430\u0439 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0446\u043e\u043c \u041c\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0424\u0440\u0443\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u00ab\u0422\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0423\u0441\u0442\u044c-\u0422\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0417\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u00bb, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0435 \u0432 1860 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044e.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0435 <em>\u0421.\u041c.<\/em> &#8212; 85.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1] <em>\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0421\u043b\u0435\u043f\u0446\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0438\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u0432\u044f\u043c\u0438 (\u0441 \u0433\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u0430\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u043c\u0438) \u0410.\u041d. \u041d\u0430\u0440\u0446\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u2013 \u0422\u0430\u043c\u0431\u043e\u0432: \u0422\u0438\u043f\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u0413\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, 1904. \u2013 \u0421. 51-53.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[2] <em>\u041e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0413\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u043c. \u2013 \u0421\u041f\u0431.: \u0413\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f, 1838. \u2013 \u0421. 75.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[3] <em>\u0420\u0413\u0418\u0410. \u0424. 218. \u041e\u043f. 1. \u0414. 267.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[4] <em>\u0427\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0432 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u0445 \u0421.-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430 \/\/ \u0418\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447. \u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0435\u043b \u0425\u043e\u0437. \u0434\u0435\u043f. \u043a\u043e\u043b. \u0441\u043e\u0432. \u0411\u0435\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c. \u2013 [\u0421\u041f\u0431.], 1854. \u2013 \u0421. 4, 5.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[5] <em>\u0420\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0435 1871 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u2013 \u0421\u041f\u0431.: \u0422\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430, 1871. \u2013 \u0421. 1012-1016.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b: \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d, \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[38,39,44,24],"tags":[1046,1131,1224],"class_list":["post-18181","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-38","category-39","category-44","category-24","tag-1046","tag-1131","tag-1224"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18181","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=18181"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18181\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23377,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18181\/revisions\/23377"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=18181"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=18181"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=18181"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}