{"id":16659,"date":"2021-01-01T00:28:57","date_gmt":"2020-12-31T21:28:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/?p=16659"},"modified":"2025-03-18T20:54:52","modified_gmt":"2025-03-18T17:54:52","slug":"%d0%b0-%d0%b0-%d0%bc%d1%83%d1%84%d0%b5%d0%bb%d1%8c-%d0%b0%d0%b0%d0%bc-%d0%bc%d0%be%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b3%d1%80%d0%b0%d0%bc%d0%bc%d0%b0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/?p=16659","title":{"rendered":"\u0410.\u0410. \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c; \u0410\u0410\u041c (\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430)"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_7171\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7171\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7171\" style=\"font-size: 16px; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: -1ex;\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/aam_tolst-1024x528.jpg\" alt=\"\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0410.\u0410. \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\" width=\"600\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/aam_tolst-1024x528.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/aam_tolst-300x155.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/aam_tolst-768x396.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/aam_tolst-1536x792.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/aam_tolst-2048x1056.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7171\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0410.\u0410.\u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0422\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0442\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430 <strong><em>\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044f<\/em><\/strong>. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0441 1870-\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e 1880-\u0445 \u0433\u0433.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7170\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7170\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7170\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/aam_tonk.jpg\" alt=\"\u0420\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0410. \u0410. \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0441 \u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0448\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e\" width=\"600\" height=\"307\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/aam_tonk.jpg 402w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/aam_tonk-300x154.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7170\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0410.\u0410.\u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c (\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c). \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0438 \u043d\u0430 1876 \u0433\u043e\u0434:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447, 30 \u043b., \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0442\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440, \u0432 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0441 1870 \u0433. \u0416\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0447. 3 \u0443\u0447., \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u2116 48, \u043f\u043e \u041a\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043b. \u0421\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0436\u0435 \u0447. 2 \u0443\u0447., \u0432 \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u2116 33, \u043f\u043e \u0411\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0435\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435, \u0438 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0428\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435.<sup>[1]<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 16 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f 1873 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u0428\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0410.\u0410. \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0437 \u041b\u0438\u0442\u0432\u044b. \u0412\u044b\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u00ab\u041b\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0435\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0445\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439\u00bb \u043e\u0442 14 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1875 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u0412 \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0433. \u041e\u0448\u043c\u044f\u043d\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044c\u0435\u0439, \u0428\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430, \u0421.-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0440\u043e\u0442\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0410.\u0410. \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0440\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u0437\u043b\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f 84 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0448\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c, \u0432\u0435\u0441\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0417 \u0444. \u0438 37 \u0437\u043e\u043b. \u0441 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u044e: \u00ab\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043e\u043f\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u044b \u0411\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u044b \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u044b \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439. \u0412\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u0411\u043e\u0433\u043e\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0443\u044e \u0446\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044c \u0433. \u041e\u0448\u043c\u044f\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c 1875 \u0433.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0412\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0434 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 &#8212; \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b. \u0421\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445: \u0441 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_295\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-295\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-295\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/mono_muf-1024x526.jpg\" alt=\"\u041a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e \u041c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430 \u0410.\u0410. \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u044f \u0416\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\" width=\"600\" height=\"308\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/mono_muf-1024x526.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/mono_muf-300x154.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/mono_muf-768x395.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/mono_muf-1536x790.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/mono_muf-2048x1053.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-295\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b \u0410\u0410\u041c \u0441 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u044f \u0416\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1045\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1045\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1045\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/mufel_bakin-1024x512.jpg\" alt=\"\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430\" width=\"600\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/mufel_bakin-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/mufel_bakin-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/mufel_bakin-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/mufel_bakin.jpg 1172w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1045\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u041e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 1881 \u0433. (\u043d\u0430 1879 \u0433.):<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044c, \u0410.\u0410., \u0420\u043e\u0442\u043c. 2 \u0441\u0442., \u043d\u0430 \u0440. \u041d\u0435\u0432\u0435. \u041a\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e: 5,000 \u0442\u044b\u0441. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432. \u0420\u0443\u0431.: 85,000. \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445: 200<sup>[2]<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<figure id=\"attachment_1410\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1410\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1410\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/monogram_smirnov-1024x535.jpg\" alt=\"\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\" width=\"600\" height=\"314\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/monogram_smirnov-1024x535.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/monogram_smirnov-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/monogram_smirnov-768x401.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/monogram_smirnov.jpg 1192w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-1410\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446\u0430 \u0441 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<blockquote><p>\u041e\u0431 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0410.\u0410. \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0432 \u0433. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0428\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430; \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0435\u0436\u0438<\/p>\n<p>\u041a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u044b: 07.10.1881-11.01.1882<sup>[3]<\/sup><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\u0412\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u041c\u0443\u0444\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0412\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430.<\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0410\u0440\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430, \u043c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0435 <em>\u0410\u0410\u041c (\u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0430)<\/em> &#8212; 10.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1] <em>\u0421\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430 \u043e \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430\u0445, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 1875 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0430 1876 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e 1 \u0438 2 \u0433\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0438\u044f\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u044b\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0432 1876 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u2013 \u0421\u041f\u0431.: \u0442\u0438\u043f. \u042e. \u0412\u0438\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430, 1876. \u2013 \u0421. 432.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[2] <em>\u041e\u0440\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u041f.\u0410. \u0423\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u043a \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438 \u0441 \u0426\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0412\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043d\u044f\u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0424\u0438\u043d\u043b\u044f\u043d\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c: \u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0444\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438. \u2013 \u0421\u041f\u0431.: \u0442\u0438\u043f. \u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0432 \u041f\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445, 1881. \u2013 \u0421. 318.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[3] <em>\u0426\u0413\u0418\u0410 \u0421\u041f\u0431. \u0424. 256. \u041e\u043f. 9. \u0414. 158.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b: \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d, \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[31,24],"tags":[1082,98,1081,1131],"class_list":["post-16659","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-31","category-24","tag-1082","tag-98","tag-1081","tag-1131"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16659","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16659"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16659\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24953,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16659\/revisions\/24953"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16659"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16659"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16659"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}