{"id":16479,"date":"2021-01-01T00:16:36","date_gmt":"2020-12-31T21:16:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/?p=16479"},"modified":"2023-05-02T15:48:55","modified_gmt":"2023-05-02T12:48:55","slug":"%d0%bd-%d0%b2-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/?p=16479","title":{"rendered":"\u041d.\u0412."},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mceTemp\"><\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16482\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16482\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-16482\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/nv_makar-1024x516.jpg\" alt=\"\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u041d:\u0412: \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\" width=\"600\" height=\"303\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/nv_makar-1024x516.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/nv_makar-300x151.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/nv_makar-768x387.jpg 768w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/nv_makar-1536x775.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/nv_makar-2048x1033.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/05\/nv_makar-555x280.jpg 555w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16482\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447 \u0441 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u043c \u041d:\u0412: \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b\u0430 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\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430<\/em><\/strong><sup>[1]<\/sup>. \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435 1840-\u0445 \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 50-\u0445 \u0433\u0433. \u0432 \u0426\u0430\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435 \u0432 \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u041f\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 (\u041f\u0443\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e) \u043d\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u0438 \u0418\u0436\u043e\u0440\u044b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0412 \u0432\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 1847 \u0433. \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u044f\u043c\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0430 <em><strong>\u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0414\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447\u0430 \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u043d\u0430 <\/strong><\/em>\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435 \u0421\u043b\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u044b \u0418\u0436\u043e\u0440\u044b<sup>[2]<\/sup>. \u0410\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u043b\u0430 25 \u0440\u0443\u0431., \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043d, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c, \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u044f\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0432 300,000 \u043a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_11111\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11111\" style=\"width: 600px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-11111\" src=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/nv_4y4t_vsm-300x157.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/nv_4y4t_vsm-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/nv_4y4t_vsm.jpg 460w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-11111\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u041a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e \u041d.\u0412 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0435. \u0424\u043e\u0442\u043e \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0<em>\u0421\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0412.\u041d., \u0401\u043b\u0448\u0438\u043d \u0414.\u0414. \u041a\u0438\u0440\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043c\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u044b XIX \u2013 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 XX \u0432. \u041a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u0438 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \/ \u0411\u044e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044c \u2116 7 \u0418\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u044b \u0420\u0410\u041d. \u0412\u044b\u043f. 1. \u2013 \u0421\u041f\u0431.: \u0418\u0437\u0434-\u0432\u043e \u041e\u041e\u041e \u00ab\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044f\u00bb, 2017. \u2013 \u0421. 116, 177. \u2013 (\u041c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0430 \u0421\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0442-\u041f\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0443\u0440\u0433\u0430).<\/em><\/p>\n<p>[2] <em>\u0420\u0413\u0418\u0410. \u0424. 1589. \u041e\u043f. 2. \u0414. 366.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b: \u041b\u044e\u0431\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0411\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d, \u041c\u0438\u0445\u0430\u0438\u043b \u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[42,24],"tags":[1050],"class_list":["post-16479","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-42","category-24","tag-1050"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16479","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16479"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16479\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23141,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16479\/revisions\/23141"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16479"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=16479"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xn--80aickabcjeksbqgig1io0jrbl.xn--p1ai\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=16479"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}